can be taken before leaving the ramp. Ignition occurs with an excessively rich mixture, leading to a rapid temperature rise that can exceed the exhaust gas temperature limit. This is an ideal place to put the airport diagram. Proper effective scanning for other aircraft, surface vehicles, or other objects should be continuously exercised in all cases, At those airports where the U.S. Government operates the control tower and ATC has authorized noncompliance with the requirement for two-way radio communications while operating within the Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area, or at those airports where the U.S. Government does not operate the control tower and radio communications cannot be established, pilots must obtain a clearance by visual light signal prior to taxiing on a runway and prior to takeoff and landing, Leaning the mixture could be helpful to save fuel, avoid fouled spark plugs, and reduce emissions when using 100LL during long taxi's or long waits for takeoff, If leaning, always remember to move the mixture back to rich before takeoff, Taxi speed is not explicitly regulated; however, common sense must apply so as not to operate in a "careless or reckless manner" (, While on a ramp, you should not taxi any faster than one can walk, While on a taxiway, you should not taxi faster than one can jog, When entering a turn, be mindful of the stress you are placing on the landing gear as you turn, Care must be exercised when taxiing at night, in low visibility, or toward the sun to remain situational awareness as to where you are and what is around you, This means half the speed and twice the caution, Runways are generally flat surfaces however small changes in elevation will impact the speed at which the aircraft moves, You will require more power uphill and less downhill, Every turn you make will impact the amount of power required to some degree, It is unlikely however, that you'll need to adjust than around 100 RPM to overcome to effects of slope, Avoid taxiing over any noticable dips on the surface that could put undue stress on the landing gear, or damage wheel pants, if applicable, If taxiing in cold weather conditions such as snow, ice, or slush, avoid taxiing over contaminated surfaces, if possible, If slush or ice is suspected to have contaminated the landing gear, consider touch-and-go's to clear ice from frozen gear, Taxi slower when objects on the surface have the potential to be kicked up onto the aircraft, Taxi speed is especially important in cold weather operations the aircraft may not only lose traction, but could kick up slush or water onto wings and control surfaces, increasing weight and possibly inhibiting range of motion, Crosswinds can effect an aircraft, even when moving at slower speeds on the ground during taxi, Moderate to strong headwinds and/or a strong propeller slipstream makes the use of the elevator sometimes necessary to control pitch, Downwind taxiing will usually require less power and may require none, but do not ride the brakes, The upwind wing will tend to be lifted by the wind unless the aileron control is held in that direction, Weathervaning may occur as the wind effects a large portion of the aircrafts side [, This is more apparent in a tail wheel aircraft given the wheel is farther behind the center of gravity and comparatively farther from the main gear, The aileron and elevator should be positioned in such a way as to prevent undesirable effects on the aircraft, Remember the memory aid to: dive away and fly into the wind, The elevator must be neutral (for tricycle gear airplanes) or up (for tailwheel airplanes), Remember also that turns will require change the direction the wind is coming from relative to the aircraft, requiring a change in control positions, It will require a large amount of power to initially move the aircraft, As the aircraft starts to move, power must be retarded, possibly as far back as idle, to prevent continued acceleration, Steer with rudders, keeping your feet over, but not on, the breaks, Riding the brakes will reduce their lifespan and could render them less effective, Many high performance aircraft can produce enough thrust that riding the brakes may be necessary to keep the aircraft from speeding up; brake judiciously, Jet aircraft can be dangerous when exhaust is swept across an area, Reduce the power to idle in a turn, but remember an aircraft stopped in a turn takes a lot of power to get moving again, Pilots and aircraft operators should be constantly aware that during certain low visibility conditions the movement of aircraft and vehicles on airports may not be visible to the tower controller, This may prevent visual confirmation of an aircraft's adherence to taxi instructions, If pilots become disoriented, it is vitally important to notify the controller immediately, Pilots should proceed with extreme caution when taxiing toward the sun, When vision difficulties are encountered pilots should immediately inform the controller, Advisory Circular 120-57, Low Visibility Operations Surface Movement Guidance and Control System, commonly known as LVOSMGCS (pronounced "LVO SMIGS") describes an adequate example of a low visibility taxi plan for any airport which has takeoff or landing operations in less than 1,200 feet runway visual range (RVR) visibility conditions. The FAA and Transport Canada publish holdover time guidelines which are the times aircraft surfaces can be expected to remain protected from refreezing after anti-icing. Pilots - In general, pilots are responsible for the ground movement of an aircraft from the runway to the gate and from the gate to the runway although they may also reposition aircraft from one point on the airfield to another. A taxi-in runway incursion is one where an aircraft which has just landed and which subsequently enters any active runway en route to parking, whether contrary to or in accordance with ATC clearance. Read recommendations for advancing aviation safety resulting from Transportation Safety Board investigations. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. An awareness of the most common mistakes will have you mindful and vigilant on your next flight. reduced aircraft clearance with ground equipment or obstacles. 0000249483 00000 n Manage Settings 0 on the side window frames. If you become uncertain of your position, stop and ask ground control for assistance. Recall that holding lines lie perpendicular 0000249406 00000 n loading flight management computers. {getWidget} $results={3} $label={recent} $type={list1}, Turboprop and Turbofan Engines Starting Procedures. Speaker's Notes. lines from the side with the continuous lines a pilot should not cross the holding A great flight instructor of mine once told me, You can either have power in or use the brakes, but you cant do both because that just doesnt make any sense. He was right. can help flight crews make that taxi operation safer: Any pilot knows the danger of a midair taxi. Type IV fluids offer the best protection against refreezing. 0000247736 00000 n 0000041338 00000 n can arise when pilots turn off onto another runway after landing. 0000050056 00000 n Finally, it's suggested that the The reporter explains that to hold short of a particular runway or taxiway. What is the most generally used knot for tying down small aircraft? distinguishing the "holding side" of runway holding lines from the Only use Type II, III, & IV fluids with the approval of the aircraft manufacturer. 0000049616 00000 n All will be 12 inches in depth. of the two hundred twenty-four runway transgressions reported in 1991, forty-one Several pilots complained that cockpit While it's good to perform a brake check as part of your initial taxi, try your best to keep ahead of the airplane and use your brakes sparingly on the taxiway. produce significant hazards to flight. Continue cranking the engine to start it and suck the fire into the engine. involve accidents, but the potential for a catastrophe accompanies each and WHY: Mixtures of water, slush and deicing fluid may accumulate in aerodynamically quiet areas such as gaps surrounding control surfaces or in the landing gear. HGI +n These guidelines are provided for conditions of active frost, freezing fog, freezing drizzle, light freezing rain, and rain on cold soaked wings. Whenever these thickened fluids are applied, be sure to follow the manufacturer's recommended procedures for your aircraft, including procedures for operation of the engines and auxiliary power unit. Some aircraft are equipped with chart holder "clipboards" Joe would like to build several bookcases that are different heights and widths. 0000249139 00000 n Now then, Taxiways generally also have better signage and markings than runways, which can add to the confusion at an already confusing time. The marking requirements for oil tank filler openings are specified by FAR 23.1157. Every three weeks our team of flight instructors shares advice and video tips to help you become a safer pilot. "For an A320 with 3 take-off per day from Paris Roissy . You may be able to lift off the runway in ground effect but be unable to climb. 0000101385 00000 n be delivered at the gate instead of during taxi-out? Investigations and recommendations by the Transportation Safety Board, reporting accidents or unsafe conditions. First Officer write down the taxi clearance and holding instructions. 0000249023 00000 n hbbd```b``" R} No doubt these problems could be minimized if crews They will be addressed at two levels; operations less than 1,200 feet RVR to 500 feet RVR and operations less than 500 feet RVR, Specific lighting systems and surface markings may be found in Paragraph 2-1-11, Taxiway Lights, and Paragraph 2-3-4, Taxiway Markings, When low visibility conditions exist, pilots should focus their entire attention on the safe operation of the aircraft while it is moving. The following section provides detailed instructions on taxi signals and related taxi instructions. [Figure 2] The signalman must stay far enough ahead of the wingtip to remain in the pilots field of vision. This will allow you to focus on your route and communication. They aren't just limited A couple of ASRS reports illustrate 0000041909 00000 n In this article These are: Subpart 702: Aerial Work. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. If a pilot fails to verbalize the clearance, the other When ready to start, call "CONTACT" and listen for the reply. In fact, even experienced pilots may forget or become complacent about the remaining aspect of flying, that is, ground and taxiing procedures. These include: inappropriate use of a restricted taxiway - some taxiways are restricted by wingspan. 0 clearance is issued, the Captain and First Officer should repeat the hold short include distractions, blocked radio transmissions, a mindset to taxi to a particular 0000049258 00000 n basic as it may seem, a few ASRS reports indicate that some pilots have difficulty Given that the student was going solo, it made for a fun radio conversation. Whilst all events do not result in collision with an aircraft, the majority of taxiway occurrences involve vehicle operators deviating from a surface movement controller clearance. 0000101315 00000 n Multiple infractions should be considered grounds for suspension of airside driving privileges. Large transport vs. small aircraft operations. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. 0000050637 00000 n f) Procedures for refueling and/or defueling aircraft The FAA is urging pilots to exercise increased vigilance when issued such clearances. 0000248407 00000 n The AC now addresses aircraft being taxied . involving taxi.". Part 23.973 of the FAA regulations specifies that certain markings must be placed adjacent to fuel filler openings. UNICOM and other aircraft; While taxiing for takeoff, observe and report all wildlife activity; Delay takeoff if birds or mammals are reported or observed . In response, we have issued some transportation-related measures and guidance. shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a No persons were injured and minor aircraft damage occurred. to minimize distractions during taxi-out? 0000012070 00000 n Pull the propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions. The deicing fluids and some of their characteristics are identified in the chart and the "Related Information" links on this page. Type IV fluids are designed for aircraft with take-off rotation speeds of 100-110 knots or more, and may be applied when substantial time is anticipated between deicing and take-off. hb````| Bl@Q>[50j1M*]VS::QySgWz~\. 0000000016 00000 n Controllers - The ground controller is responsible for the safe and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicle traffic on the taxiways and aprons. rushing and "the lack of coordination between the cockpit and ground personnel" Other aircraft, vehicles, people and obstacles. It refers to the lean mixture performance number (or octane rating) of the fuel. Copyright 2023 Flying Media. Light signals may be used when taxiing an airplane without a radio or when a radio becomes inoperative on a tower controlled airport. 0000005441 00000 n The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. These plans, which affect aircrew and vehicle operators, may incorporate additional lighting, markings, and procedures to control airport surface traffic. that 1977 accident. Definition. https://studentpltnews-images.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/05174018/702SP.jpg, https://flighttrainingcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FTC-logo-horizontal-fianl.png, Soft Field Takeoff HD Flight Maneuver Spotlight, Slow Flight HD Flight Maneuver Spotlight, Flight Start Helps Student Pilots Choose Their Path, Learn to Fly Month at Sportys begins Monday, May 1, Turns Around a Point Flight Maneuver Spotlight. Following a runway transgression one ASRS reporter offered: Because of the lack of these markings ACTION: Ensure that all critical aircraft surfaces are completely clear of snow, ice and other frozen contaminants. problems are quite serious. One noted problem is Can I taxi to the end of the ramp without permission, or do I call before releasing the brakes? Some specific accident prevention strategies are as follows: The following accidents and incidents involve collision or near collision between two aircraft, an aircraft and a vehicle, or an aircraft and a stationary object. the Airmen's Information Manual states that when clearing a runway after landing, 0000253140 00000 n Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. You might sound weird, but it beats getting a verbal lashing from the tower. 0000138900 00000 n Ground will respond with your instructions: ATC will first specify the runway, issue taxi instructions, and then state any required hold short instructions, ATC is required to issue "hold shorts" or "cleared to cross" on any runway active or not in between you and your destination, Note that closed runways still required a cleared to cross call. 0000005695 00000 n When taxi instructions are received from the controller, pilots should always read back: Any instruction to hold short of a specific runway or line up and wait, Controllers are required to request a read-back of runway hold short assignment when it is not received from the pilot/vehicle, The control tower also issues bulletins describing areas where they cannot provide service due to non-visibility or other reasons, This is usually done through ATIS/AWOS remarks, Begin taxi, monitoring ground frequency until into the run-up area, Exit the runway without delay, at the first available taxiway, or as instructed, All parts of the aircraft must be across the hold short line to be considered off the runway, When issuing taxi instructions to any point other than an assigned takeoff runway, ATC will specify the point to taxi to, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross a runway, ATC is required to obtain a read-back from the pilot of all runway hold short instructions, An essential requirement in conducting safe taxi operations is where the pilot maintains situational awareness, Depending on the airport, parking, ramp, and taxiways may or may not be controlled, The pilot should make themselves familiar with the parking, ramp, and taxi environment, Especially at unfamiliar airports, review, and have available the, If routing is expected to be complex, consider listening to ground control, if able, on, The pilot must be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure that the airplane clears all obstructions, If, at any time, there is doubt about a safe clearance from an object, the pilot should stop the airplane and check the clearance, It may be necessary to have the airplane towed or physically moved by a ground crew, When taxiing, the pilot's eyes should be looking outside the airplane scanning from side to side while looking both near and far to assess routing and potential conflicts, especially at intersections, It is helpful to use internal callouts to accomplish this task: ", The primary requirements for safe taxiing are positive control, the ability to recognize any potential hazards in time to avoid them, and the ability to stop or turn where and when desired, without undue reliance on the brakes, The pilot should accurately place the aircraft centered on the taxiway at all times, Some taxiways have above ground taxi lights and signage that could impact the airplane or propellers if the pilot does not exercise accurate control, When taxiing, the pilot must slow down before attempting a turn, Sharp high-speed turns place undesirable side loads on the landing gear and may result in tire damage or an uncontrollable swerve or a ground loop, Swerves are most likely to occur when turning from a downwind heading toward an upwind heading, In moderate to high-wind conditions, the airplane may weathervane increasing the swerving tendency, Good operating practice dictates that pilots acknowledge all runway crossing, hold short, or takeoff clearances unless there is some misunderstanding, at which time the pilot should query the controller until the clearance is understood, NOTE: Air traffic controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a read-back of all runway hold short instructions, Also, without clearance to cross a runway, you should never cross a red sign-think of it as a stop sign, Pilots operating a single pilot aircraft should monitor only assigned ATC communications after being cleared onto the active runway for departure.