[30] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[12]. Distribution of haplogroup E-V13 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. Hum Mutat 2005; 26: 520528. Populations in Northwest Africa, central Eastern Africa and Madagascar have tested at more moderate frequencies. Considering the Y haplogroup composition in our Dominican sample, we can note that the clades frequently observed in the Sahel are usually rare or absent. Y6923 also emerged around 3500 BCE, but became almost extinct. Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K et al. E1B1A must be the standard for determining whether or not a male is a descendant of the Biblical Israelites. Also in favor of E1b1b-V22 is the fact that E1b1a occurs in 2% of Egyptians, while E1b1b-V22 occurs in 15% of north Egyptians, 5% in Egyptians from several oasis to the west of the Nile, and 4% in south Egyptians. The French footballer of Algerian origin Zinedine Zidane (born 1972), is a member of haplogroup E1b1b (M81) according to his brother's DNA test. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Article Something is wrong: Where do black people come from? Table 2 contains the six-STR haplotype gene diversities for E1b1a component haplogroups present in all three West, West-Central and East-Central regions. As for E1a (the parent of E1b1b and E1b1a), it seems to have never left Africa at all. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. The making of the African mtDNA landscape. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in However, since G2a is the only lineage that was consistently found in all Neolithic sites tested to date in Europe, the absence of Neolithic G2a lineages from Scandinavia and the Baltic implies that no Neolithic lineage survives there, and consequently E-V13 does not date from the Neolithic in the region. The Dorians from Central Europe followed from c. 1200 BCE. Z830, M310.1's . J Afr Hist 1995; 36: 173195. The Bantu expansion revisited: a new analysis of Y chromosome variation in Central Western Africa. The small presence of E-V13 in the Near East could be better explained by the extremely long Greek presence in the eastern Mediterranean from the time of Alexander the Great until the end of the Byzantine domination over the region during the Middle Ages. It is not clear at present whether they expanded beyond the Near East during the Neolithic period, but they might have been part of the Neolithic expansion to North Africa and Iberia alongside haplogroups T1a and/or R1b-V88. Of course, the TMRCA is only an estimate and could vary by a few centuries. We define expansion in this context to mean diffusion of alleles. Google Scholar. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. (2022) analysed the DNA of the remains of John Corvinus and his son Christopher Corvinus, the two last members of the Hunyadi family. In either case, it is likely that more M81 came into the Iberian peninsula during the Moorish period, when the Maghrebian Arabs conquered most of what is now Spain and Portugal, where they remained for over 700 years. The EBSP impact on African demography has, over the past decade, also been studied by analysing paternal and maternal sex-specific genetic systems (non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). All haplogroups within E1b1a were observed in the Bantu Homeland, West-Central Africa, East Africa and Ghana, whereas haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, although present in the Bantu Homeland and East Africa, was not observed in either Ghana or West-Central Africa. Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. Because the West-Central African E1b1a data set is sufficiently large (n=516; eight groups), we would have expected to observe the E1b1a8a1a haplotype, if present at a frequency as low as 0.0058. Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b), with V38/V100 joining the two previously separated lineages E-M2 (former E1b1a) and E-M329 (former E1b1c). Hum Biol 2011; 83: 1338. The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. The study revealed that he belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. They further observe that the lack of genetic data makes it premature to reach sweeping conclusions concerning the EBSP. Roewer L, Kayser M, de Knijff P et al. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. even though his parent clade is not and brother E-M215 is not. [25] Lima was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4671 and L3b3. Slider with three articles shown per slide. The increase in the rate of identification of slowly mutating NRY binary markers (ie, unique event polymorphisms (UEPs))21, 22, 23 has resulted in many studies designed to investigate the paternally mediated genetic relationships of sub-Saharan African populations. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. Annu Rev Anthropol 2001; 30: 181207. The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. (Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2012) There is no backflow of E1b1a into North Africa until Trans Saharan slavery and that's in its mutated form of E1b1a7. The basal node E-L485* appears to be somewhat uncommon but has not been sufficiently tested in large populations. Eur J Hum Genet 21, 423429 (2013). This page has been accessed 678 times. The Phoenicians would have spread E-M34 to Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Ibiza and southern Iberia. His brother is the producer, director and actor Richard Attenborough (b. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. If the estimate of 2,100 years is correct, that would correspond approximately to the time when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in what is now Tunisia. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. Ramesses III's DNA is E1b1b | Gnostic Warrior By Moe Bedard The American actor and producer Nicolas Cage (born 1964),has been found to belong to haplogroup E1b1b-M84. His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? Amorim et al. The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details). E-V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the Northeast African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa. Hammer MF : A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 482490. R1a Indo-European tribes are associated with the Corded Ware culture, which spanned across Northeast Europe, Scandinavia and the northern half of Central Europe. Note the resemblance between the distribution of E-M81 and the African admixture from the Dodecad project. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP). Ronny Decorte, a geneticist from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, tested relatives of Adolf Hitler and determined that the Frher belonged to haplogroup E1b1b. Excoffier L, Pellegrini A, Langaney A : Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa. Correspondence to It is believed to have first appeared in the Horn of Africa approximately 26,000 years ago and dispersed to North Africa and the Near East during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. Pakendorf B, Bostoen K, de Filippo C : Molecular perspectives on the Bantu expansion: a synthesis. 3500-1150 BCE) was a formative period in the Southern Levant, a region that includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, and southwest Syria. (2018) tested the DNA of seven 15,000-year-old modern humans from Taforalt Cave in northeastern Morocco, and all of the six males belonged to haplogroup E-M78. Ethiopia/Sudan, and the Levant. [26] West Africans (e.g., Mende of Sierra Leone), bearing the Senegal sickle cell haplotype,[29][26] may have migrated into Mauritania (77% modern rate of occurrence) and Senegal (100%); they may also have migrated across the Sahara, into North Africa, and from North Africa, into Southern Europe, Turkey, and a region near northern Iraq and southern Turkey. Steven Pinker is a Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author. Y Haplogroup Diversity of the Dominican Republic: Reconstructing the Although sampling in most NRY studies of sub-Saharan Africa has, in the past, been quite limited in terms of geographic coverage and sample sizes, the distribution of this haplogroup is relatively well described in groups living along both the postulated western and eastern routes of the EBSP, as well as in Senegal29 and Cameroon27, 30 in West Africa. around the Czech Republic). Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. E1b1a (L576) This population represents an East to West thrust in Africa, only E1b1a lineage able to survive crossing the A1b1 territories. F1382 appears to have expanded during the Iron Age from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula, where it is almost exclusively found today. Thomas MG, Bradman N, Flinn HM : High throughput analysis of 10 microsatellite and 11 diallelic polymorphisms on the human Y-chromosome. We thank all DNA donors and those assisting in sample collection and Professor Mark Thomas and Dr Krishna Veeramah for their support with typing and helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. Genome Res 1997; 7: 9961005. He belonged to the subclade E-M34. [16], At Deloraine Farm, in Nakuru County, Kenya, an iron metallurgist of the Iron Age carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58 and L5b1. 1973) might belong to haplogroup E-V13. In Anatolia, E-V13 is found mostly in the western third of the country, the region that used to belong to ancient Greece. [25] Anika was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS6126 and L2b1. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. The finer branches of the genealogical tree were associated with lower estimates of TMRCA (Figure 1). Haplogroup E1b1a is an ancient brother to E1b1b, but has left a completely different fingerprint on the world today. M81 has two immediate subclades A5604 and M183 (aka PF2477 or PF2546). His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 186061. E-M81 is found at an average frequency of 45% in the Maghreb and Libya, with peaks at over 60% in Tunisia as well as central and southern Morocco. [25] Isi was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e2a. Veeramah KR, Connell BA, Ansari Pour N et al. Hamitic origin of Haplogroup E | Forum - ProBoards . This is a remarkably fast expansion that would have required a male line of considerable wealth and influence within the Roman Republic/Empire, and therefore probably a family of rich patricians or even a Roman emperor, not necessarily of Roman descent himself. Examples of founder effects include E-V12 in southern Egypt, E-V13 in the Balkans, E-V32 in Somalia, E-V65 on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, and E-M81 in Northwest Africa. Although it is generally accepted that the EBSP has its origin in the so-called Bantu Homeland situated in the area of the border between Nigeria and the Grassfields of Cameroon, and that it followed both western and eastern routes, much less is known about the number and dates of those expansions, if more than one. The polymorphic markers are six STRs (DYS19, DYS388, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS393) and four UEPs (M191, U175, U290 and U181) characterising the E1b1a haplogroup, which is modal in most population groups within the area of the EBSP.25 The four UEPs were typed using a tetra primer ARMS PCR method37 with minor modifications. Ironically this haplogroup thought to be at the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages, which includes the Semitic languages and peoples that Hitler despised so much. 12-05-14, 06:53 #2. bicicleur. Salas A, Richards M, Lareu MV et al. [59] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America among people of African descent. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. Therefore, it is unlikely that the absence of this haplogroup is due to drift after the initial stage of expansion when only a small number of individuals may have been involved or is simply not being observed in the present study. The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant Approximately 20% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup E1b1b. Nowadays, the highest genetic diversity of haplogroup E1b1b is observed in Northeast Africa, especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, which also have the monopoly of older and rarer branches like M281, V6 or V92. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. Hum Genet 2005; 117: 366375. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. In this study, we analyse, as did Alves et al,33 both UEP and short tandem repeat (STR) (in this study restricted to NRY) to show that geographic frequency distributions and the time to the most recent common ancestors (TMRCAs) of haplogroups, comprising haplogroup E1b1a in 43 sub-Saharan African groups (n=2757) with diverse linguistic affiliations (Supplementary Figure S1), reveal multiple waves of expansion from West Africa, with a late expansion along the eastern route but not the western. Marieke van de Loosdrecht et al. Indeed the distribution pattern and frequency of M81 matches much better the Phoenician maritime empire, with its origins in the Levant, and its dispersal along the cost of North Africa, but also Iberia, Sardinia and Sicily. [25] Daba was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4273 and L2c. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA et al. Weale ME, Shah T, Jones AL et al. Only then would a later demic expansion have brought haplotype 22 chromosomes from central western to western Africa, giving rise to the opposite clinal distributions of haplotypes 22 and 24."[31]. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._____SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/gr. (2007), such population movements changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern, and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroup frequencies in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a1 lineages. E1a1, Jews and Natufians? - Eupedia Sample sizes are indicated within the pie charts. The ancestral L485 SNP (along with several of its subclades) was very recently discovered. Outside North Africa, M81 is far more frequent in parts of Iberia than anywhere else in Europe or the Near East. Origins and history of Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA) - Academia.edu In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria. At present the most consistent explanation is that E-V13 developed from E-M78 in Central or Eastern Europe during the Neolithic period, and was assimilated by the R1a and R1b Proto-Indo-Europeans around the time that they were leaving the Pontic Steppe to invade the rest of Europe. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. Hum Genet 1999; 105: 577581. Table 1 reports the frequencies of all observed haplogroups, including the component haplogroups of E1b1a. the migration of a small group of settlers carrying among whom one paternal lineage was much more common than any others.